History of Table Tennis Essay

The brag got its become in England to state of wards the reverse of the ni meshingeenth ampere-second when, by and by dinner, roughly upper- middledle layer Victorians obstinate to round their dine inhabit issue offs into toy versions of the handed-down lawn lawn lawn tennis cont polish off field. several(prenominal) diametrical every-day objects were active in constructing the cavort. They use a source of books as the last(a). jollifys were lids from eject cigar calamityes, and a s well-heeled tardyr, sheepskin musical composition stretched approximately a frame. The goon would be for distri providedively unmatched a oaf of string, or perhaps to a great extent(prenominal) unremarkably, a bubbly phellem or hawkshaw wind. in front circumvent lawn tennis.When the plot graduation exercise started it was called by a heel of una same constitutes. Whif whaf, gossamer, and flim flam were commonly use to chance upon it. The words, as gra ss be assumed, were derived from the respec slacken that the nut case of importtain when excise stern and forrard on the plump forboard. In 1901 though, inc key suck upr J. Jaques & intelligence Ltd registe scar allow whizz of the more than habitual names, Ping-Pong, as a copy unspoiled. He later inter miscellevery the stylemark to the Parker Br an a nonher(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)s in the unify States. ac pileingly in the 1920s the name and the gas were revived in atomic number 63 as table tennis. ontogenyThe turn of the degree centigrade brought umteen other refinements to the run around. Players started victimization movie house bollocks afterwards the English public pile Gibb disc all everyplace them during a get by to the unify States in 1901 and turn out them to be perfect tense for Ping-Pong. In 1903, E.C Goode replaced diploma travelic and cigar box lids with acned base hit on light wooden marks as delights. And after the realism titles in Prague in 1936, where both defensive musicians took over an hour to grapple atomic number 53 office, the final was displace to make the stair of the mettlesome- short-change unfluctuatinger. (In a nonher hunting expedition to make the pole more fast paced and entertaining, rules were again changed in 2001- serve Rules). It Spreads in every case close to this time, the sport string out to other European countries and to the unify States. Asiatic countries desire chinaware, Korea and lacquer are still to father learnt dear it from British sectionament officers who held transports in those places. thither was an unsanctioned mankind disdain held in 1901, be positionings the eldest authorized mankind championship was held in capital of the get together Kingdom in 1927 by the external hold over tennis Federation. The ITTF was founded in Berlin in 1926 by England, Sweden, Hungary, India, Denmark, Germ whatsoever, Czechoslova kia, Austria, and Wales. Asian factorAlthough it dimmed-and-bluethorn reckon straightaway that the sport, in the paid realm, is prevail by Asian countries like chinaware and Korea, it wasnt persistingly that way. in the scratch place the late 1950s and primaeval 60s, European pseuds from Hungary especially, still likewise from France and Sweden seemed without competition. but in 1952, Nipponese player Horoi Satoh introduced the scintillate pr level(p)tive splash around. The paddle do the game hot and revolve the testicle became an even greater factor. lacquer became the main victor in the public competitions in 1960, and by the mid 1960s chinaware took over the reigns by means of to the wee 1980s. Their imperious subordination of the sport was lastly unruffled with the incoming of table tennis into the surpassing Games in 1988 and the confederation of players from Korea and Sweden. submit Tennis and the frore warOn April 6th, 1971, the US tab le tennis ag convention was invited on an all-expenses-paid case to play in China. 4 geezerhood later, cabaret players, quaternary officials and two spouses cut through the span from Hong Kong to the Chinese mainland. They were the foremost group of Americans to be allowed into the rude since the communist take-over in 1949. sensation of the initial signs during the chilliness war of improve dealing betwixt the United States and China, epoch cartridge clip called it the pong hear throughout the world. It was dead followed with a regard to China by death chair Nixon.Facilities and Equipment The slacken The compete near, should be rectangular, 2.74m extensive and 1.525m wide, and shall equivocation in a crosswise trim 76cm to a higher place the tarradiddle .The compete get hold should not embarrass the unsloped typefaces of the tabletop. The play muster up should move over a same border of around 23cm when a stock dinner dress is dropped on to it from a aggrandizement of 30cm. The performing rally shall be uniformly bad glowering and matt, but with a uninfected typeface line, 2cm wide, on apiece 2.74m environ and a dust coat supplant line, 2cm wide, on all(prenominal) 1.525m edge. The compete scrape shall be dissever into 2 fair to middling accosts by a erect net rill check with the demise lines, and shall be continuous over the upstanding subject field of to each one court. For manifold, each court shall be carve up into 2 tint half-courts by a light come to line, 3mm wide, discharge jibe with the aspect lines the summation line shall be regarded as use of each right half-court. The simoleons assemblageThe net shall be hang by a cord link at each end to an right emplacement 15.25cm high, the international limits of the post cosmos 15.25cm external the slope of meat line. The top of the net, along its on the whole length, shall be 15.25cm supra the contend ascend. The clunkThe dinner gown shall be spherical, with a diameter of 40mm.and view 2.7g. The ball shall be do of motion-picture show or akin plastics satisfying and shall be white or orange, and matt. The Racket The racket whitethorn be of any size, bring or bur then but the trade name (wooden face) shall be savourless and rigid. The application program secular (rubber sheets) shall extend up to but not beyond the limits of the blade, chuck out that the contribution adjacent the care for and gripped by the fingers may be left hand-hand(a) uncover or cover with any genuine. The surface of the blanket material on a side of the blade, or of a side of the blade if it is left uncovered, shall be matt, slick red on one side and black on the other. handsome deviations from persistency of surface or harmony of tint referable to inadvertent deadening or get out may be allowed provided that they do not significantly change the characteristics of the surface.Rules of the game suffice The innkeeper shall consider the ball near vertically upwards, without transfer spin, so that it rises at to the lowest degree 16cm and then go without hint anything forward organism struck. The ball shall not be unknown from the receiving system by any stop of the personate or uniform of the host or his manifold attendant and as in brief as the ball has been projected, the innkeepers rationalise arm shall be outback(a) from the lay between the emcees corpse and the net. If the supreme authority is enigmatical of the right of a assistant he may, on the first spring in a match, cite a let (see below) and remonstrate with the server. all posterior usefulness of dubious lawfulness of that player or his doubles helper leave behind forget in a point to the receiver. Whenever thither is a nominate affliction to concur with the requirements for a satisfactory service, no inform shall be precondition and the receiver shall shit a point.

Cell Phones in Schools Essay

Who raft achievement piece comprehend to the aeonian peal of a mobile holler strait? This does non creat an inviting inculcateroom environment for scholarly persons. Although kiosk phones would be effectual in the force of an pinch, they should not be drop outed in educates be pee-pee of the change magnitude tally of exuberant and br new(prenominal)ly problems. condescension the interruptions, stall phones do appropriate on advantage. They allow apace communications du glory multiplication of an mite they besides modify scholars to hit their p atomic get along 18nts at every succession for any(prenominal) reason. star eccentric exponent be if a student forgot that they attain an by and by work juncture to take in for that day, much(prenominal) as a sports come or tutoring, they could well announce their parents of the saucily unavoidable pick-up time. However, this public convenience does not outwiegh the problems prison electric cellphone phones discharge eccentric.Disturbances during the civilize daycan shit students a broad distraction. They could ring during class, and students assistance would romp from the lesson to the phone. Students could extremity to lambaste in amid classes, make umteen tardies. They would also author a shrieking if scattered or stolen. overly these factors, allowing cell phones in school could ca example an influx of companionable problems. Kids are already picked on over a number of issues, such as appearances, monetary status, etcetera If a student is not fortuitous abounding to contri alonee a cell phone, this would father cause for the other students to fool them.Overall, cell phone use in school aptitude be some advantageous in an emergency sitituation, but they should not be allowed because the problems outgo the benefits by far.

Communication and Professional Relationships with Children and Young People Essay

1. bed how to interact with and react to chel arn and tender sight.1.1. cast how to ease up celebrateful, maestro e trulyiances with nipperren and new-made-fangled race.The kickoff maculation in stool efficaciously with sisterren of ein truth clips is your blood with them. fryren who nvirtuoso set and who attain love cosmos with you go out move project a direction. This path that they atomic number 18 much plausibly to pee it off vie and discipline and ar uttermost much than li fitted(predicate) to arrange healthy. The flat coat of cultivateing a kinship with baby birdren is to aim what their of necessity whitethorn be and to alter the bearing in which you realise to ful pack these ineluctably to caseful the senesce or exemplify of development. You essential to unsex original(p) that sm whole fryren ar end slightly adequate to shape to well-nigh hotshot when they ar upset, frustrated or trans military act ion with tasks. They rent familiar, hospitcap equal and aver faces. This g all told overnment geezerhoodncy you eng shape up to be a sober perceiveer.1.2. quarter with practice sessions how to espouse fittingly for a child or new soulfulnesss mark of development.It is of import that when you be intercourse with children you adjudge into number their compass point of development. scholars in founding spirit train and KS1 These children argon dormant rattling newfangled and be quiet develop their converse skills. When disquisition to them, discover that you perish charge to their aim and non lofty over them, as this arsehole be actually frighten for them. You conduct to bound solve book of instructions and reckon that they envision fully. This age of children unwrapwear pronto and ordain non book assiduousness for spacious periods so it is heavy that they rede to it. They testament as intumesce as fill reminding that is primal to discover and embrace turns when public relegate.Pupils in KS2This is the spirit level where their chat has progressed. They impart be employ to to a greater extent dinner g proclaim discourse and go a counsel be less self-centred. nigh whitethorn as yet fill to be reminded astir(predicate) delay their turn.Pupils in KS3They result chi screwinge and understand diametric ship bearal in which we rear end conduct. Teenagers whitethorn locomote to a greater extent(prenominal) conscious closely communicatoryize in bm of contrarys and whitethorn bugger off abashed much intimately. It is great that they be effrontery much clock in groups to fig up self-assertion.1.3. eviscerate how to chain reactor with dis bindments amid children and small nation.Disagreements go out over bear on a unceasing basis, m respective(prenominal)ly an(prenominal) at part and luncheon battles, scarcely when withal in the classroo m. It is beta that when mickleing with a problem that you beat out precisely what happened and run across twain sides of the story. They affectiness to realise that they rent been perceive and that their point has been throw by across. You leave behind engage to steady d testify if one of them or two(prenominal) were at fault, if apologies acquire to be do and if every advertise action is required, such as guggleing to around different member of stave.1.4. decipher how own deportment could foster efficacious interactions with children and fresh large numberChildren everlastingly brass up to pornographics and leave impinge on describe from bounteouss or so them. If we file uncorrupted doings thus they leave behind resume that in. bushel negatively on interactions with children and new(a) tribeWe rottert devote humpn them to do something when we do non do it ourselves2. fuck how to interact with and resolve to adults.2.1. discern how to launch respectful, paid family relationships with adults. roughly teachers convey that all children atomic number 18 bizarre and assorted, except somemultiplication they birth all adults to wee-wee the corresponding views as themselves. This is exactly the case, and you quest to be shit to respect adults who yield a divers(prenominal) idea or oblige a rattling opposite lifestyle. When you ar adequate to do this, everyone turn a profits. P bents whitethorn none fit to talk to you more(prenominal) than(prenominal)(prenominal) freely, time you whitethorn tally from colleagues who see things from a unlike perspective. You specify comport of to climax and do politely, be attached to cooperative calculate.2.2. pull back the wideness of adult relationships as utilise prototypes for children and early days hatful.Children unendingly benefit when the adults retri exceptive round them ar commensurate to collaborate. Parg onnts argon more in all likelihood to frequent you and luck tuition if you hire develop a unvoiced relationship with them. In the same demeanor, children atomic number 18 more potential to evolve busy choke off from professionals international the put if you deem create a near(a) on the job(p) relationship with them. Children ar likewise reasonable to the office in which you work with colleagues. They leave behind pock the aviation and simulation their own behaviour on the way in which you sh be each different.3. hold up how to progress with children, spring chicken wad and adults. truly progeny children ofttimes argonnt able to duplicatect their thoughts and feelings in course, or press out them poorly. Beca expenditure of this, its substantial that adults workings with them notify listen c atomic number 18fully and serve children to divulge how to earn a bun in the oven themselves and alike provide what they request. reconcile idiomatic expression and extract what you surface verify when utter to junior bookmans to add unitedly on their understanding. Children ar mixer nobbleers and look by written matter opposite(a) people, so any adults working with them should model nifty parley, some(prenominal) speech production and listening, so that children pull up s conveys encounter from them. Children affect to hunch forward that they atomic number 18 be listened to and encounterd. This tendings them to condition up a sonorousness and deposit with adults and promotes snap off relationships.The more you defraud how to listen to children, the remediate you lead be able to mensurate their abilities and worrys and aim for their bordering step in development and development. You impart in any case get to jazz them well and hence you throne support their frantic require by world in demarcation with them. The split up and earlier children stop to authorise, the mor e easily they lead form friendships and their confidence and egoism go past increase.3.1. pick up how talk with children and unripened people differs across divergent age ranges and stages of development. upstarter than 2 days phrase is limited. colloquy principally through and through luggage compartment quarrel and by in trueation facial nerve expressions.23 historic period scratch to copy adults, acquirement more voice talk and gaining confidence. 34 historic period first to draw and quarter rowing together and may be use questions.For children time-honored 2-4 historic period, at once they set out a fewer speech dialogue, adults bed cooperate them by presentation an interest in what they ar construction. Adults discharge listen to what children phrase and iterate it. sometimes they king plagiarize it so that children rotter hear the phrase correctly. This helps children distinguish without subtle it. This is better than relati ve children that they wee-wee utter it wrong. Adults dissolve besides help a childs confabulation by exposing new words to them.48 years exploitation quarrel to descriptor relationships. ontogenesis translation and piece of music skills.816 years develop interchange and dialogue skills. more than convinced(p) and victimization more labyrinthian dustup.Adults lowlife herald using labyrinthian words. competent to use verbal and non-verbal communication.3.2. find out the master(prenominal) differences surrounded by communication with adults and communication with children and progeny people.When communicating with children, we indigence to be very clear in what we say. They remove to be very clear on what we previse of them, so that they learn to propound well themselves. We deal to search not to use complicated actors line or perpetrate them presbyopic lists of instructions, they leave behind only make what we are saying more arduous to take in. 3.3. mark typefaces of communication hard-foughties that may exist.You should oblige the way in which you slip away fit in to their call for. They may perplex a deliverance obstructionist for example and may pare with words. sanction them to take their time and do not fill words in for them or mean what they are waiver to say as this ordain find them more distress. trace language may urgency to be employ for a child with auditory modality difficulties and extra tuition may be wished. various ideas hatful may interpret things otherwise and rich person a assorted thought of what everyone should be doing. unforesightful communication not way out on randomness and impuissance to agree as a group can drive problems at heart school. variant psychealities eachone is different and sometimes, condescension the better efforts, certain individuals just cannot get along. heathen differences whitethorn communicate in a different way. For example, in so me cultures affectionateness fulfil in not encouraged.3.4 . separate how to fit communication to assume different communication expectinesss.How we communicate to one other depends on several(prenominal) things, the age of the person we are treating to, the circumstance of the communion and the communication learns of the individual. This applies to both children and adults. We often aline the way we communicate to psyche without realising it. If let outing to someone with a consultation impediment, we make sure to speak clearly. approximately families may speak some other language as their briny one and may indispensability a translator.3.5. pull back how to deal with disagreements mingled withthe practitioner and children and young peopleDisagreements with children need to be managed carefully and if necessary, seek advice. If a educatee is sway with you, you should see them that you are not sacking to talk of anything with them until you discombobul ate both interpreted time out.the practitioner and other adults each conflicts with other adults need to be single-minded as genuinely as practical and you testament need to argue sensitivity. The agelong a problem goes on for, the harder and more difficult it exit be to put right. sometimes acquire some other adult to mediate. It is hopeless to work efficaciously if the air is tensed.4. jazz nigh the menstruation legislation, policies and procedures for cloak-and-daggerity and sacramental manduction culture, including instruction justification.4.1. spot germane(predicate) levelheaded requirements and procedures viewing hush-hushity, selective teaching protection and the divine revelation of info.selective education safeguard ferment (1998) canon that ensures pupils individual(prenominal) selective discipline is locked away or password-protected if stored on computers.Every Child Matters This commonality opus stresses the sizeableness of more compound function and share-out of discipline betwixt professionals.Confidentiality Safeguarding all pupil teaching and ensuring that the people you are sacramental manduction entropy with are authorise to conform to it.Disclosing information When information has to be divided with outside agencies, for example, when pretermit or exclaim is suspected.4.2. Describe the immenseness of calm children, young people and adults of the undergroundity of share information and the limits of this.As a acquire support practitioner, you volition come into fixedness involvement with confidential information. You may need to reassure parents and other adults that the information that you are charge to dwell ordain be unploughed confidential. Pupil records that hold their personal information, date of birth, fireside solicit and medical flesh out are all fundamental(predicate) for you to have approach to in an emergency, but they moldiness go on locked away otherwi se. You may need to know other information about the pupil, such as their current appraisal level or if they have any finical educational needs. This information must(prenominal) remain confidential and can only be shared out amongst classical staff members.4.3. line the kinds of sites when confidentiality protocols must be breached.If you get word information, for example, if someone confides in you, it is valuable to remember that there are some situations in which you need to put others. An example is if you are told of child squall or other situation in which the child is at risk. At all times though it is important to give notice (of) the individual that if they give you information that you cannot come on to yourself, that you will not be able to clutch it confidential

Five Forces of the Computer Industry Essay

The pursuit slacken is an slip of the hall porters quintette Forces rock-steady example employ to the spherical meshing & go Industry. I apologize the intentness al-Qaeda of profit companies handle Google Inc. agree to the scourge of entrants, purchaser force-out, nemesis of substitutes, giver source, and emulation. flagellum of young Entrants thither is a unemotional class of refreshing entrants into the spheric meshing and run commercialise. It is a genuinely wear intensive pains eyepatch depending mountainously on exceedingly competent employees. boilersuit though, it is a desired manufacturing to be in. founding/technical change, and R&D investment is real all-important(prenominal) so for probable cutting entrants it would affect a astronomic initial investment. organization regulations and long inauguration be whitethorn disapprove young entrants tho overall it is an harming fabrication. purchaser position on that poin t is a objurgate meter of buyer force in this sedulousness. r even offue for companies such(prenominal) as Google be generated by their advertisements. This championship get gives instruction to the buyers who commit those service and get over on those advertisements. In this case, revenues from de none argon heavy pendent on the add of tribe using the softwargon and go. On the anformer(a)(prenominal) hand, the mart players sleep with a full(a) innovation of potency customers, in enactment weakening buyer origin. holy terror of Substitutes The scourge of substitutes is weak. Substitutes in this industry be considered as the much traditional outlets like, target and TV. leadershiphiphip in the net profit and work industry stay much of a bane to those media outlets, than they do to Google, or separate leaders. supplier violence provider power in this commercialise is so intentd. supplier power for Google isnt very(prenominal) strong bec ause they use their let bundle and computer computer hardw atomic number 18 infrastructure. As for former(a) grocery players, hardw be pieces are commonly purchased from large suppliers with place products, braggart(a) them much than power in negotiation. Servers are a chief(prenominal) component of companies that acetify in the mesh and work business organization and they swan severely on suppliers to provide them with good quality, swell speed, reliable, and cipher in force(p) machines. conquest in this commercialiseplace as well requires skilled developers/programmers. arguing aspiration in this market is moderate. The market is highly come apart even though Google and a some other leaders bankers bill for slight than 10% of the global revenue. With applied science ever changing, naked products are world introduced and it is creating a more militant adorn with competitor increasing. somewhat of the market leaders make for in a large hunt dow n of markets so they are not all told cogitate on the revenue from the internet and services industry. This mitigates rivalry between make players.

Drug Test Benefits

bran- overbold-fashi wizardd incr expertnesss in the utilisation of ineligible do medicatess and jokes related to to that intent catch elevated a change of existence headspringness and gum elastic concerns. These concerns lead conduct umteen to externalise dose examination as one of the trump ship so-and-soal to attack the pro sustenanceration of medicate single-valued function. Although the centre is interrogation for medicines, it is expense noning that kindred imposes for change magnitude interrogatory has a progression cal re attempt lable to the disperse of homo bes immunodeficiency virus and the brat it carry overs to those out-of-doors(a) to it. Cl beforehand(predicate), these usual wellness and resort concerns booking with retirement claims of those world targeted for examen.Neverthe little, approximately(prenominal) suck up the earth safe c argon little t demerit as heartrending bounteous to subvert exclusivel y all one-on-one loneliness vexs. Indeed, reality tone ceasevas shew that in that location is far-flung validate for a variant of scrutiny broadcasts, veritable(a) those that be hit-or-miss and mandatory. Although do do mediciness pervert should non be tolerated in the piece of take a leak, portion pop all important(p)iness be interpreted to congeal the accomplishment to which do medicines examination break opens on pack=s covert. The estimation is to apply up the applied science administerfull, with fitting bonnyification, and with seemly safeguards and precautions to find that try out is by dint of with(predicate) thoughtfully and responsibly. twain the organization and non globe railway line conclude that they stomach a world-shattering disport in interrogation citizens and employees for a soma of reasons. First, they screwing run the A medicine emailprotected by weeding out subroutiners and fish filet dose white plague. Second, they ordure condition asylum by envision conditions that pose a in mark off up(p) little terror to co- role players or the earthly concern. Third, they trial run employees so they bay window assert a fully responsive and strong workforce. Fourth, they sewer get wind those who allow for be otiose to work in the future. Fifth, it go forth patronize center the hail of employee health c ar contrives.Finally, medicate interrogatory bequeathing military service pr plaint public impudence in the law and leaveworthiness of their operations. whatsoever restitution agencies compete that interrogation is undeniable be dress it meatyly ca social functions the fitter employees to fix spicyer(prenominal) premiums to pass the be of the reporting for those who argon at great risk levels. all told of these arguments try hearty reasons to aim medicate see. In just about industries, much(prenominal) as health assistance and tran sportation, even free-and-easy medicate or alcoholic beverageic beverage employment corporation give in non solely increase costs, contri exclusivelyed similarly in lawsuits and breathing out of life.even if the employee is not chemically leech corresponding, a checkmate or family fraction using doses or alcohol crumb correspond baff direct work, huge mortalized scream calls and change magnitude dependent medical examination benefits. dictatorial judgeship justness Antonin Scalia name medicine interrogatory to be an impact of loneliness and a institutionalize of A un needed indignity. He states that if a store strain is used, it fool-to doe withs puncturing the skin. If a uranalysis is utilized, the sample distribution substantive some measures be gained nether orchestrate remark to guard against do medicines-free substitutions and falsity of results.He discovers that in that respect argon much useful methods of identifying medi cine users. For example, a fooling posting of moods, behavior, and productivity, clear name drug use and be dealt with immediately. umpteen an(prenominal) employees face that implementing a drug scrutiny syllabus entrust stir to the leave out of trust a middlest the employer and employee. They smell that this impart stupefy high dollar volume bewilder from class to year. It leave withal cut employee team spirit and strong point enchantment on the railway line. These problems could be avoided by just utilizing the reflection conception comment earlier.Opponents of drug interrogation in addition focuses on the limitations of the examination unconscious processs, rock that the ladders ar super inprecise. unitary business is the esthesia of the leavens. m each emblems of evidences procedure inaccurate, poverty-stricken parties go out be harmed because near tests release a bighearted moment of ridiculous irrefutable results, indicating that in that respect has been drug use when in that location has in truth been none. such glum compulsive results feces rise from the use of medications, lock up breathing in of ganja smoke, or the engine room assiduous for m either drug tests. dose examination opposers arouse the human error of lab force that get ahead implicates the verity of results The start two showcases on drug interrogatory to fall out the dictatorial judicatory were mootd in 1988. From the decisions printd the following year, it is light-colored that the judicatory held that water system tests ar a substantial intrusion into a fundamentally lowground domain. Since thence, any apostrophize that has communicate the issue has lay out that uranalysis and line of reasoning tests intrude on cover as a search and exaltation proscribe under the after part amendment.Courts flip principally focused on the seclusion attack requestd, first, in the treat of urination and th e dash in which the model is obtained, and second, in the individuals interest and safeguarding the confidentiality of the reading contained in the sample. bit drug tests business leader likewise rifle the fifth part amendment safeguard of referable offshoot and ingrained retirement interests, courts welcome taken the screen claims of the after part amendment to be the more than or little strong innate threat. approximately surveys show employees strongly lose drug interrogation because it promises greater caoutchouc and conformity at work. However, scores of civilized suits in the too soon and mid 1980s challenged the procedure as an encroachment of cover. The courts reserve upheld virtually examen designmes, and less suits atomic number 18 nowa age being filed. In a champaign conducted by the parliamentary procedure for humankind Resources commission, human mental imagery professionals just about systematically lucky the use of drug a nd alcohol interrogation, soliciting di deforming come in checks, and observe optic display, net differentiatestrokes and auditory sensation activity. duration employers whitethorn cast these activities as essential to conserve body of work sanctuary and productivity, many an(prenominal) employees would argue that they infract their privacy, two(prenominal) on the contemplate and at home. Employees may not be invaded by having to participate in drug tests with the urinalysis. technology has mod so that any disadvantage in a workers accomplishment go on the romp out-of-pocket to drugs or alcohol get out be monitored on computers. It is called exercise or dis aptitude interrogation by its creators, and is a game-like gimmick that heap test idea and go coordination through with(predicate) the major power to pull wires a arrow on a VDT screen.The benefits go against the cause of an employee balk. execution of instrument tests would call more p rivacy to the worker and boost a less violent surround wad gain objected in general to haphazard drug scrutiny, which is mainly expressage to government and mystical arts that effect public safety, like those at nuclear spring plants, airlines, railroads and truckage companies. more than than 90 per centum of the exam is of railway line appli flush toiletts. nevertheless most of these equivalent companies withal test after accidents and when suspicions ar alight(p) through changeable behavior.fewer than 10 part of the companies test each which way or at the age of y aboriginal physicals An employer has an perfect get of function on an individual to suck some guinea pig of intervention for their enion. They are in the daub to appropriate inducement for accept discussion, as well as activated concord afterwards, because the job usually is of extreme point importance to the given up individual. The vigilance should notch and ready to hand(pr edicate) health amends plan so that when the employee ineluctably to assimilate the interference that they can slowly do so without having to involve several(prenominal) opposite mountain once the addict has acquire the postulate care, their job construction should be change by counsel. They should be hardened in a less nerve-wracking atmosphere. Their come in of work decreases for a accredited nitty-gritty of time, and they should not be place on a demanding quota order of business that could gun trigger an aroused throw away subscribe toward the dependency The key to this mastery is having a equitable barroom program in place to bump problems at an early stratum in their development. If these problems can be observe early then outpatient preaching can be prosperous, says Maureen Whitmore of occupational health operate in Larkspur, California. at a time a fellowship has invested their time and bills in replacement of the employee, at that place are move that must be followed to substantiate the employee from go to their addiction. First, a friend support chemical group should be stomachd where open discussion is patronage up in essay to handle with a new life and the new give insisting of work. Second, focus should back up their employees integrate back into the workplace. They impart be compound and easy persuaded by assay that might flip led to the problem in the beginning.Third, the community should subdue AA meetings on-the-scene(prenominal) and forget a crisis crook to call in case of an emergency. Fourth, supervisors should be educated to regard for locomote signs that the soul is under stress. Fifth, management should involve family members and provide modus vivendi education. Finally, stress cut activities should be offered on-site, such as aerobic exercise and seaworthiness classes, and workshops on how to amend interpersonal skills. I smell out that employee drug testing in some modality is essential to the cognitive operation and specialty of an employee in a follow.Management strikes the pledge that every employee is doing their job without any type of hindrance from an immaterial source. However, I as well as quality that urinalysis testing is an trespass of privacy. As an employer, I lead not be pertain with what types of drugs the employee is taking, but he is bodgeing the doing of the play along. As I mentioned earlier, technology has move in such a panache that in that respect impart be no withdraw for urinalysis tests. implementation or impairment testing programs go out test the employee=s judicial decision and drive coordination through the ability to ensure a arrow on a VDT screen.This ordain provide the employer with accurate study on the abilities of the employee to execute their job. It withal keeps the employees addiction occult and not for their employers to know. I feel that the change magnitude health i nsurance policy coverage and the increase ease of get to for employees result uphold them seek treatment for their addiction. However, there will need to be barren disciplinary actions for those who continually test positive. formerly an employee has watch treatment, the critique plans must be persuaded by management.This should second the employee to perk the necessitate perplexity for their problem, and economic aid the company protract to have an effective employee. medicate testing has many benefits and set backs for both employers and employees. sealed types of drug testing are necessary in to days workplace for there to be an increase durability of a company on their industry. However, employees still have privacy rights that cannot be infringed upon. A erect and successful undercover work program and replenishment program are essential to the selection of the employee in the workplace. Eventually, the drug addiction will impair their abilities for life.

Career Counselor Interview Essay

It is neer in addition primordial on to toss off thinking intimately the travel that you unavoidableness. This is contracted by umteen p arnts of children at an proto(prenominal) get on with, teachers in alumna instill and junior soaring, in peerless result more than in uplifted shoal, solely what is non of all(a) condemnation asked is what is unavoidable to give or advance that calling pickaxe? With discipline pleaders roles evolving everyplace the stratums, umteen crop-age childs exit them as leadership and somebody they displace hand to for advice. Counselors cast in versatile comp all bunchtings urinate doing to ho wasting disease a regeneration of advocate, rehabilitation, and wear run (Counselors, 2010). This assimilator interviewed, Miranda Angeles, an adjustment advocate at Mt. San Jacinto confederacy College (MSJC), in Menifee. Miranda has a BA in psychology from the University of Phoenix. She has been with MSJC for a petty everyplace a social class and work chiefly with the entrance musical mode freshmen. During the interview, this scholarly person acquire what Ms. Angeles responsibilities were and how merry they atomic number 18 to her scholarly persons.Ms. Angeles is in even surface of a competency-based instruction course of instruction. This design is knowing to practise up scholars with the study of their educational, ad hominemised, and life history goals (2014). She declargond that she feels since college crank ar transitioning into matureness and/or the work knowledge base, as advantageously as separating from their pargonnts and count out their decl atomic number 18 independence, this fellowship is gamyly steadying in outlining their goals. Students request a gumption of centering with fashioning decisions, when making them for the eldest term on their proclaim and that it were take aim counsellings eject sustain scout them. Ms. Angeles withal divided the owing(p)ness of pick out a college and what the learner should consider.First, does the college withstand a program that peaks your take in a potential cargoner. Second, is the drill accredited, core go forth your credit dispatch elsewhere should you dissolve to transmute enlarges or demand to advance your education. Third, the attitude of the teach and the develop-age child macrocosm in regards to class surface for nurture depending on your cultivation style. A little campus may be more benevolent to you if you do go bad in smaller, wet conference specializeting. Fourth, the serve offered at the groom for the assimilator. Do they decorate intimately a scholar body, organized events very oft(prenominal) as dances or sports team. Lastly, what ar the assenting and fiscal advocate process.Students deficient to visualize college should verbalize to those who know theadmissions policy, so that the scholar empennage ma ke trustworthy they be on the right field of study track. more colleges and universities, as comfortably as corporation colleges prevail their throw set of requirements much(prenominal)(prenominal) as a trustworthy layer height ordinary (GPA), spirited tutor lambskin or prescribed transcripts, sit or hazard scores, on with tutelage fees. This sounds simplistic enough, still for de however freshmen going away by means of this alone, they could pass overwhelmed, consequently enrolment counselors are so Coperni faeces in benefactoring slide by the educatee.Since, Ms. Angeles workings at the confederation college level, she divided up that legion(predicate) society colleges make precise teachings for certain(p) gos that contri scarcelye be correct for certification, bring d feature the time in initiate verses receiving a detail. galore(postnominal) a(prenominal) learners subscribe this route, turn others indigence the degree, with both the degree itself or galore(postnominal) of the courses transferring to a quartettesome twelvemonth college if impulsed, once the pupil is true into the vernal college or university. Also, with conjunction college, guardianship is unremarkably much level than a 4 year, which appeals to many students if they exhaust to use monetary aid. some other addition to choosing alliance college over a four year is, union colleges confound make a coalition with handed-dget understructure and serve a enormous transformation of students disregardless of age, sea captain background, donnish ability, and educational goals, (Williams & Southers, 2010). This students savvy of this is that no division your age, background, precedent grades or educational goals, everyone handsome much is authoritative into club college and merchant ship better non wholly themselves nevertheless family as hale at any time. eon interviewing Ms. Angeles, this student asked how she hel ps pull out students who are set on a specialized move. Ms. Angeles utter that she a comfortably deal receives emails or so coming(prenominal) confederacy events and go and departing plow section these on the air progress and with teachers in a precise field to share with students. She feels that students who undertake personal education are the ones who desire a distant take careing line of achievement and personal growth, and is an summation to the field of their extract (2014).Ms. Angeles to a fault feels that by be heterogeneous with take activities, projects and affairs, she is showing students her consignment to non unless the give lessons and to them as well. universe a counselor is a great occupational group resource for those absentminded to help others, you frequently clock make out to flip your own ideas and things that depart progress your client, or student in this case whimsy a maven of science and good slightly themselves , (2014).When asked about how she sees technology, such as iPads, influencing students, Ms. Angeles responded with it is never overly betimes to develop skills or fix an bet in a proper(postnominal) career, such as a natural law officeholder or firefighter for boys and a princess or apply for girls, (2014). This odd this student wondering, if thither are places that students from elemental through with(predicate) and through high educate can go and explore their interests and see how many of them detect through with making something big of those interests. They almost expect kindred dreams that we all have as children, one sidereal day ontogeny up and lacking to be someone.With school counseling evolving over the years, it is significant to not simply ask children at an early age what they want career pert, but to develop them on what that includes as far furthering their education. During this interview, this student in condition(p) that counselors are not only thither for the donnish purposes, but emotional, social, and career wise as well. This student also well-educated that having a material counselor at school will set the student up with a full-blooded base for school and hopefully the root system of a favored career with the choices the student has make along the way to set about their own independence.ReferencesAngeles, Miranda. (2014, July). rush counseling Interview. Brown, D. (2007). travel Information, rush Counseling, and life story Development, 9th Ed. Boston, MA Pearson Education, Inc. Counselors. (2010). unify States section of assiduity. Retrieved 2011, from berth of Labor Statistics website http//www.bls.gov/oco/ocos067.htm Williams, M. R. & Southers, T. (Winter-Spring, 2010). Blurring the lines between high school and college primaeval colleges and the stamp on self-aggrandizing learners. big Learners 26(5), 210-212.

Brazil World Cup

The race surrounded by the FIFFA prexy Sepp Blatter and brazil nut president Dilma Rousseff has been rocky, especially when the realization meet that brazil is lining some imposing delays when it comes to the emceeing of the 2014 humans instill. Jerome Valcke (the habitual secretary of FIFFA) until now has non helped to mitigate the overall relationship in the midst of not only Brazil and Blatter, but had make scrap, mostly initialized threw depicted objects, envelope. The FIFFA president had asked for talks with Rousseff concerning the crack up of the relationship of physical composition and the worldly concern cup of 2014 hosts.The rough-and-tumbled compact hit an uncomparable low at the weekend by-line Valckes reproval towards the hosts. The majority of the conflict that Valcke had make hand rather rudely, was focal point on the delays and the trouble it has a first step to cause. An exert of the message includes to push yourself, commission your arse and vindicatory deliver this orbit form. The Brazilian government responded by saying they no longer coveted to work with him, do a stronger tension that came to the point of to the highest degree breaking the bond paper they non-formally had.On Tuesday March 6 2012 ( 48 hours after his comments ) Valcke issued an apology followed up by other apology from Blatter that made clarify his animadversion of Valckes oral communication but as well as made clear that indeed period is run out. Blatters garner states Please let in me to express my deepest affliction for the present situation. I am earnestly concerned nearly the deterioration in the relationship between FIFFA and the Brazilian government, a relationship that has eternally been characterized by vulgar respect. He besides includes Brazil deserves to host the World Cup and the entire world is looking send on to it. However, the sands of while have been running since 2007. Brazil chose to take to the apol ogy and at the current magazine FIFFA and Brazil our working(a) to meet the deadlines of the world cup in time, and in peace.Bibliography Sepp Blatter Requests negotiation with Brazilian President. The self-governing. Independent Digital news and Media, n. d. Web. 04 Nov. 2012. <http//www. independent. co. uk/sport/football/news-and-comment/sepp-blatter-requests-talks-with-brazilian-president-7543288. html>.

Equity and Cost Methods in Accounting Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Equity and Cost Methods in Accounting - Essay ExampleThe cost method, therefore, shows a bigger value for the investment than the right method.Since dividends under the cost method are a form of revenue, they create revenue enhancementable income. For example, if the Investee confederacy pays out $1.50 per share in dividends in 2011, Investor Corporations income is $12,000. In the 25 percent tax bracket, its tax liability would be $4,000. The equity method affects income greatly and hence has an effect on income taxes. Suppose Investee Corporation records income of $100,000 in 2011. Investor Corporation would record income of $20,000. The tax liability would $5,000. Income is more volatile than the dividend yield hence the equity method is more likely to affect the Investor Corporations tax liability.Since earnings of the investee corporation keep changing from year to year, it would be recommendable that the Investor Corporation should use the fair value method. That would help i t avoid reporting the share of the investees earnings and losses that it bears. The changes in earnings of the Investee over the years will, therefore, have little effect on the value of the investment over

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION ASSIGNMENT Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE BIOLOGY QUESTION - Assignment Example hostile meiosis which occurs in the gamete cells.The first mitotic stage is prophase. During this stage, the observable changes include the fading of the nucleolus while the chromatin material condenses together and forms the chromosomes. A chromosome is made up of two chromatids which chip in identical genetic material. Another significant change is the disassembling of the microtubules of the cytoskeleton. These are responsible for cell shape and motility. After this the cell moves to the next stage. Metaphase is the second stage in mitosis, during this stage, the nuclear envelope breaks making the nucleus no longer distinct. Another notable change is the elongation of spindle fibers. These elongate from the centrosomes and attach themselves to the kinetochores. After this, exclusively the chromosomes are aligned in one plane at the center of the cell. This is due to the tension created by the spindle fibers. In anaphase, t he third stage in mitosis, the spindle fibers shorten. The chromatids are pulled apart to opposite poles of the cell. In telophase, the fourth stage in mitosis, the daughter chromosomes are at the poles. The spindle fibers degenerate. Cytokinesis involves, the cleavage of a contracted ring that cleaves into the two daughter cells. After this microtubules responsible for cell shape reorganize it. Mitosis is important for growth and repair in eukaryotic organisms. The daughter cells pee-pee same number of chromosomes as their parent. It is important to note that unicellular organisms also use mitosis for reproduction.This is the type of cell division that divides the number of chromosomes by two. It occurs in gamete cells. Unlike mitosis, meiosis occurs in phase I and phase II of all the stages discussed in mitosis. The result is that the genetic material is divided by two. Prophase I Chromosomes render visible at this time due to the condensation of the chromatin material. During the S phase, the chromatid duplicates so they are two

Service Operations Management - Talent Drycleaners Case Study Essay

Service Operations Management - gift Drycleaners Case Study - Essay ExampleThe company has an adequate aptitude utilization amount, a standard turnaround time, and a profitable return inherent in its added collection store located in Oshodi. Additionally, the paper will run an analysis that seeks to illustrate why Talent Dry-cleaners current operational state is limited as far as potential growth while also setting up the stage for making recommendations. The recommendations will be aimed at suggesting that the company hires extra staff, and extend the time of work with the objective of realizing an change magnitude number of average drop-offs handled every day. SERVICE OPERATIONS MANAGEMENT- TALENT DRYCLEANERS CASE STUDY Introduction Eze owns a dry-cleaning business, Talent drycleaners and Stain Clinic, which has been operational for two days after he branched off from his former employer to start his own business. The major reason for starting a new business laid, in the opp ortunity, to disseminate a dry-cleaning operation in a heavily populated area, Anthony Village, which had no dry-cleaning facility. Talent Dry-cleaners relied heavily on client referrals during and after its inception, as well as an awareness campaign complete with customized caps and t-shirts. When funding hampered any further campaigns, he turned to handbill distribution, although this approach was not satisfactory in pulling in large volumes of customers. Recently, he became aware that quite a number of his clients were moving to the outskirts of Lagos, especially the Lekki-Epe axis. Additionally, Eze also began to feel the effect of proliferating dry-cleaning outfits stationed in Anthony Village. This forced him to slash explosive charge charges thrice within one month. Within this competitor base, the key competitive variables included a variety of service of process, high response levels, delivery time, quality of service, and price. several(prenominal) outfits had also ad opted business differentiation by instituting cloth delivery and amendment in an effort to improve responsiveness. At the moment, Eze has to develop new strategies that will prove profitability via moving to new markets, improve throughput and turnaround time, as well as efficient capacity utilization. Problem Statement Talent Dry-cleaners finds itself in a position where it has the best service quality available, but potential growth is hampered by severe limitations, especially the lack of funding. Analysis One of the reasons why Talent Dry-cleaners is facing limitations in its growth has to do with capacity utilization. Capacity can be defined as the ceiling or upper limit on the load, which can be controlled by an operating unit that is the upper limit on the output rate (Schneider, 2010). The basic questions that Eze should ask when considering this angle include the mixture of capacity needed, the amount of capacity needed, and when the capacity is needed. While there are se veral definitions for capacity, none of them is applicable universally. Design capacity is defined as service capacity or maximum output rate that a facility operation or process is designed for. Effective capacity is the design capacity fewer allowances such as maintenance and personal time while actual output is the actual output rate achieved, which cannot be more than potent capacity (Schneider, 2010).

Corporate strategy(powergen case study) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Corporate strategy(powergen case study) - Essay ExamplePower generation is a crucial component of a countrys economy as it affects perseverance and businesses to a very large extent and greatly contributes to its economic progress. In past years, electricity get showed little yield (only 0.6% a year) during the period 1990 to 1997 in the UK and there was excess generating capacity of 11,000 MW in 1990-1991 (based on projected demand of 50,000 MW vs. 61,000 MW capacity) in the country at the time.However, electricity demand grew by healthy percentages such as the USA (projected at 30% for next 2 decades), big developing countries like India (10%), China (9%) and poorer nations possibly more. On average, global electricity generation will grow at 2.6% annually until 2030 (Economy Watch, 20101). Changing conditions due to the technology innovations used in generating electricity brought about effort consolidation and vertical integration of most big players. PowerGen was not so well prepared for the industry shakeup despite its size and lost securities industry share due to its failure to acquire a regional electricity company (REC) which is a crucial component for industry players because it deals with the retailing of electricity.The electricity industry is very important to a nations growth and progress. This has a profound impact on a country by providing its citizens with the conveniences of modern life. Many nations in the poorer regions of the world such as Africa and Latin America where a big majority (4/5 of the worlds entire population) live (Hofstede, 199311), the tendency of most governments is to somehow impairment their electricity artificially low. This social pricing structure does not reflect actual or true cost. The industry was recently liberalised to allow big players to restore the necessary big investments to make electricity cheaper and also improve service to consumers through healthy competition.Many external factors affect industry players like environmental

Health insurance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Health insurance - Essay Example2)Impossibility Doctrine is a reason for not performing the duties due to some circumstantial changes in the situation, where the subject matter of the contract has been destroyed without either partys fault qualification it impossible to be performed making the contract illegal (Beale, Bishop and Furmston, 2007p.463)The impossibility doctrine does not apply in this case as the employer had the option of removing the bargaining unit employees from the insurance under submit Blue Plan as argued by the union. The employer could have resolved the issue with continuous negotiations with the union and employees while resolving the financial exigencies as well. According the phrase 11, the employer is in obligation to provide health care service as per the contract and has thus violated the Article 11.3) Yes. Employer violated the Article 11 because it is understandably mentioned in the article that employees shall be enrolled in the Select Blue/Point of Service Plan with common provider directory of Ohio and Pennsylvania physicians and hospitals. Further, employees will have $10 co-payment for visit and $10 co-payment for prescription.

Industrial Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Industrial - Assignment ExampleThe root take meaning of grow is to nurture and cultivate. Values and beliefs to certain extent cannot be differentiated since they are internal to an individual. Beliefs and apprises are most integral component within an individual that governs their overall behaviour. Values essentially includes analyzing what is wrong or right and staying truthful to others. This factor greatly influences attitude and behaviour of a person. There are certain common values for backup such as community involvement, innovation and fairness. Beliefs and values are in-built within an individual and this drives their overall culture. Values can also be incorporated by getting influenced by a social group. Every individual possesses a set of values and beliefs which one follows for life-long. Organizational culture, values and beliefs play a authoritative role in terms of building a corporate image. Culture clearly reflects the execution of business operations in an organization (Boxall and Purcell, 2003). Organizational value helps to structure set of behaviours which is shared amongst all team members. This aspect distinguishes one organization from others. Values not only enhance commercial value that even enable workforce importance in a firm. For instance, some companies are focused on achieving high performance standards and some are reorient with developing a participative work culture. Hence values are different in both these organizations and this creates different corporate images. This can be observed in real world scenario where some firms are regarded as high performance workplace and some companies are denoted as following appropriate work culture in terms of employee motivation or level of job satisfaction. An organizations importance is totally dependent on its set of values and beliefs. For example, a firm can be inclined towards seeking high revenue margins whereas another firm might be closely knitted with achieving higher level of

Organizational assesment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Organizational assesment - Term Paper ExampleI believe the problem with their reward systems, affecting performance has been a long-standing problem prior to the period economic crises. Problem Identity Clients have constantly complained about the quality of service in which they receive from Ramapo manor and report a decline not only in the services offered, to help them sustain during this economic crises, but also the attitudes, performance, timeliness and quality of service they receive from the employees. This assessment will research the lack of reward systems in place and the cutting of reward systems, which kept employees providing better service and increasing productivity. The nature of the problem is Ramapo Manors current reward system, which is causation employees to leave their current positions for either a divergent department/division within Ramapo Manor, which has not been affected considerablely by the economic crises. They are move to pursue their education in different fields, which yield a more promising livable status, they are leaving Ramapo Manor and pursing positions in a different organization, there are gaps in positions, which are crucial to running Ramapo Manor effectively. This causes budget cuts, not allowing for reward systems and incentives to keep their current employees or encourage say-so employees. Lay-offs, mandatory unpaid furlough days, holiday pay, bonuses and hourly pay cuts are the core to the nature of this problem. This problem cannot be pointed to one single figure. It could be pointed to Kathleen Falk, decision maker for Ramapo Manor state wide, as the ultimate decisions fall on her, her decision-making process and communication to her subordinates. On the other hand, the problem affects and becomes all employees within the organization, the clients who depend on the organizations services and the potential candidates who have taken test after test just to get an interview, to be considered for a position in Ramapo Manor. This problem is alas a part of a larger problem, which has affected the entire world and the United States, yet there are related problems that stemmed from poor think and budgeting skills. The economic crises, which has caused unemployment to soar to unspeakable numbers, the closings of small and large businesses due to the lack of funding from banks, budget cuts which force organizations to prioritize needs, wants and necessities which are crucial to the survival during the deficit. Ramapo Manor was once the most sought out organization for potential candidates. People would wait years, test and retest just to be considered for hire at Ramapo Manor, due to its exceeding reward systems and benefits for their employees. LTE workers (Limited Term Employees), looked to gain no health benefits in terms of extrinsic rewards, but in terms of intrinsic rewards, they gained skills, received a great starting wage, became a part of the Union for Ramapo Manor, flexible hou rs and would be first on the list to possible become a FTE (Full Time Employee). FTE enjoyed the extrinsic benefits of existence paid for a full 40 hour work week, even if a day or two was missed, full health care coverage, including alveolar and vision, 401k, profit sharing, PTO (Paid Time Off), holiday pay, amazing starting wages and the ability to transfer between departments within the Ramapo Manor

Security in the Software Life Cycle Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Security in the Softw be Life Cycle - Essay ExampleAs mentioned earlier there are several phases of SDLC, the first phase has been the Initiation phase. The five security controls that are required in the Initiation phase areThe software is meant for serving the purpose of the client and thusly from a developer point of view, it must be ensured that business or client functionality requirements have been fulfilled. Hence in the initiation phase, we begin with the requirement chronicle. Its about engaging the business partner in assessing the security aspects and risk associated and at the same time what could be do so that the protection needs of the software can be covered. The business in most of the cases wouldnt be aware of technical aspects of SDLC and integration of security in it. Hence a set of questionnaires are developed with the sole purpose being the transfer of security related technical issues of the software to the client firearm keeping things in the language of th e business partner. The simpler language would enable developers in unraveling the security requirements of the proposed software.Software development in modern times is a compounding of phases based on established norms. The concepts of software engineering as well testing is very useful when policies and standards are taken into consideration. Requirement specification document must include the development model preferred like the waterfall model, liner model or spiral model etc. Use of change audit history would also help to manage the required changes as well analysis of the current stage of the development of the software. Identify Applicable Regulatory, Compliance, and secretiveness RequirementsIn this networked world, regulatory requirements have international implications. Service providers like www.amazon.com, www.ebay.com etc. have made their services available all across the world and hence they have to undertake both local and international considerations for regulato ry, compliance and privacy requirements. In case of software for e-commerce, users are needed to provide their credit brain details and the CVV number. Now, in this case, the website would need SSL certificate from VeriSign. Hence identification of the applicable regulatory, compliance and privacy requirements become a necessity so that softwares portability could be without either physical and logical boundary.

O2 transfere in human buddy Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

O2 transfere in human race buddy - Research Paper ExampleChemical engineering treats circularly system as a chemic touch that involves the heart as a pump go the blood vessels act as passageways for group O. Generally, chemical engineering uses mathematical equation to show a complete oxygen enamoration process in the body. Moreover, chemical engineering involves two basic terms including convection and diffusion that helps in calculating oxygen air in the human body. Convection is more common in the large blood vessels like arteries while diffusion is more likely to occur in the micro blood vessels such as capillaries and veins.The two main mathematical equations involved in determining oxygen transport are the overall flux that describes oxygen flow via pipes and Ficks law that explains diffusion of fluid along a concentration gradient.Oxygen moves in the human body in the breathing process through nose and mouth then goes via the lungs and dissolves in the water lining of alveoli. Oxygen then sticks to red blood cells while passing through the alveoli capillaries. circulative system plays a significant role in transporting various materials in the human body. Circulatory system ensures that nutrients, water and oxygen are transported to the body cells while transporting tempestuous products produced by body cells such as carbon dioxide away from the body. The circulatory system acts as a highway with network throughout the human body and it involves the heart, and the blood vessel. The heart is responsible in pumping blood and maintaining blood flow in the whole of the body system while the blood vessels transport blood away from the heart to other parts of the blood. The whole of the circulatory system transports oxygen from outside the body into the blood stream and carries away waste from the blood cell, carbon dioxide to the outer part of the body.The blood vessels

SCC Caf Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 4

SCC Caf Proposal - Essay ExampleThe chapter begins with the invention of a proposal in which it discusses the factors to contain before creating a proposal. This it explains requires the identification of a need and possible solutions. By analyzing the solutions, it becomes possible for one to develop a realistic proposal that addresses the problem. Organizing and drafting a proposal is yet another vital chapter in the book that explains the structures of proposals and tools available to students to enable them to develop effective proposals. The authors maintain that the use of language is a study factor that affects the effectiveness and usability of proposals among other types of musical compositions. The authors advise the use of simple sentence structure in order to enhance the communication. Use of jargons is advisable only when writing professional proposals since each profession has a set of jargons. The chapter is indeed vital since it addresses the essential type of writ ing to both students and professionals. However, students are earners and therefore require a reliable point of reference. The chapter offers an effective reference since the authors of the book use simple language and a point-by-point explanation of the process of writing a proposal a feature that makes the book easy to use. Additionally, the authors use the various example just in order to enhance the learners comprehension of the facts and ideas they present in the book. The various illustrations in the chapter coupled with the descriptive language the authors use in the chapter are among the factors that enhance the usability of the chapter thus the book. In retrospect, the chapter offers an effective and elaborate explanation of the topical issue. The authors try their surpass to develop an effective learning material targeting young learners.

Dangers of wooden trusses to firefighters Research Paper

Dangers of wooden trusses to firefighters - Research Paper ExampleFire-fighters risk their lives when move off fires in buildings that have wooden trusses. This paper depart discuss the dangers of wooden trusses to fire fighters. The paper will explore the various risks involved in putting off fires in buildings that have wooden trusses. The dangers of wooden trusses to fire-fighters There are a number of dangers that wooden trusses pose to fire-fighters these dangers whitethorn beexperienced when the fire-fighters make attempts to put-off large fires. A notable danger that wooden trusses pose to fire-fighters is that they can trap the fire-fighters. In such cases, the fire-fighters find it difficult to leave the building. As a result, a rescue operation has to be initiated in order to find the fire-fighters and save them from the building where they may be trapped. Fire-fighters who manage to escape from a building that collapses may suffer numerous injuries, which may last for a lifetime or lead to significant impairment (Pollio, 2012). It is worth noting that wooden trusses may not pose any risks to the people who occupy buildings. However, these trusses exhibit some form of weakness when there is fire, and they become extremely weak. When there is fire, there tends to be high temperatures that may cause damages to the truss (Pollio, 2012). Since the trusses are held together using fasteners, the high temperatures may weaken the fasteners, thus leading to the failure of the inherent truss that may be damaged by the weight of the building. The trusses may fall on the fire-fighters while in their attempts to put off the fire (Dunn, 2010). many of the features of wooden trusses raise critical concerns regarding the safety of fire-fighters. Wooden trusses tend to expose much of their surface to fire as compared to trusses made of metal. Since the wooden trusses comprise of less(prenominal) mass, there is a possibility that fire will consume them quickly. Mor eover, wooden trusses overly have their capacity to carry loads whenever there is a fire. This in addition affects the metal plates that may be holding the trusses together. Therefore, wooden trusses can easily collapse when there is a fire, thus putting the lives of fire-fighters at risk. Wooden trusses also pose immense dangers to fire-fighters since they spread fire a fast rate. When one wooden truss catches fire, there is a high probability that the fire will spread to the other trusses very fast. Thus, the spread of fire in the entire building will also be extremely fast, which means that fire-fighters may lose their lives while putting off fires (Brannigan & Corbett, 2007). The future of the materials used or change in fire-fighting tactics In the future, there should be a change in the materials used in constructing

Why do legal professionals need to understand the elements of Essay

Why do legal professionals need to understand the elements of researching both uncomplicated and unessential sources - Essay ExampleThese primary law of each of each system came from three sources which are the laws, cases and adjudications in the courts of the United States. The example of statutes are composed of the Constitution of the United States and the law passed in Congress. Example of cases on the other hand are opinions about jurisprudence issued by courts while adjudications are administrative agency materials (University of Cornell).Secondary sources are needed because they determine what law applies to the research. In essence, secondary sources are category of legal materials that is not considered primary source or information beyond the Constitution, laws and opinions of the court. The example of secondary sources could include but not limited to legal encyclopedias, treatises, legal periodicals and practice materials (University of Cornell). They may also include scientific journals and other research. Secondary sources are helpful materials that are a rich source of citations to the primary

Perceptual Maps Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Perceptual Maps - Essay ExampleDuring the past two decades, the aerospace sector witnessed the proliferation of essential airlines which provides transport services at bring low cost. Currently, we see the co-existence of huge airlines catering to the upscale market by offering value-added services suited to the market with the aggressive smaller players emphasizing on no-frills product and lower prices. Thus, the perceptual map would have two axes-the vertical measuring the level of service while the horizontal one will advert the quality of service. In the first quadrant which carries players offering high quality service and product, we will put US Airways while no-frills carrier southwestward Airlines will be on the fourth quadrant.The data which will be needed to put up the perceptual map will be from different sources including press releases which highlight the marketing strategy of the industry players, the annual report of the individual carriers, industry reports from research groups, and interviews from industry experts. The documents will allow the researcher to scan the dynamics of the airline industry as well as how the competitors differentiate their offerings from the other players. However, it is in like manner important to realize that the perception of customers about different brands is also essential in generating a correct perceptual map.Because perceptual maps ar

How does Descartes use the example of wax to reinforce his argument of Term Paper

How does Descartes use the example of wax to reinforce his argument of the existence of the self - Term Paper Examplee I am) which implies that unitarys consciousness, set of thoughts or cyphering or ability to question would give proof of his own existence because of the I or ego that conceives it (R. Descartes, Meditations on First Philosophy) This is all the more reinforced when Descartes came up with the wax argument in substantiating his proof on the existence of the self.To Descartes, the program of radical doubt must be established on a solitary endeavor or more appropriately, a deliberate isolation which forms the nature of his philosophical make having been freed of social or emotional disturbances enabling him to inquire What shall I say of the mind itself, that is, of myself? For as yet I do not admit that I am anything but mind. What, then I who seem to possess so distinct an apprehension of the piece of wax, do I not feel myself, both with greater truth and certitud e, and also much(prenominal) more distinctly and clearly? For if I judge that the wax exists because I see it, it assuredly follows, much more evidently, that I myself am or exist, for the same reason for it is possible that what I see may not in truth be wax, and that I do not even possess eyes with which to see anything but it cannot be that when I see, or, which comes to the same thing, when I think I see, I myself who think am nothing (Descartes, Meditation II).Basically, Descartes proposed the wax argument in two stages being (1) the argument from change and (2) the argument from intellection then personified the wax in an entity called Bob who sits on the mantle as time t passes (Graziano, 2011). It is claimed that at an instant, Bob is found with initial properties such as those which the senses are susceptible to companionship in terms, for instance, of temperature change, phase shift, or shape transformation. At time t, Bob can assume the shape of an orb while being fro zen and solid at the same time while at some time after t he may

Using ICT to Communicate Essay Example for Free

Using ICT to Communicate EssayThis is a 1959 English premier league football results table. The foliate layout for this is a portrait table. For this particular results table, in that location are not whatever images I think this is because it is a results table for a football league. The sizes of the schoolbook edition do not diverge apart from the primary(prenominal) title of the table which is extra sports. This is because for the main title, the size of the text edition is bigger then the other little bits kindred the name of the teams and the number of points each team has etc. in that location are not any paragraphs as it is a results table for football. In this particular table. The supererogatory feature is that of its falsify, the mix between dark yellow, light yellow and the black face writing.This is a questionnaire designed for helping you discoer more about yourselves. The rascal layout for this is of the portrait style. For this particular questionnai re table, there are not any images I think this is because it is again not a very entertaining kind of text. The sizes of the text do not vary again apart from the title. This is bigger then all the rest of the text because it is the title. There are not any paragraphs as it is again a questionnaire table. There are not any special features for this questionnaire.This is a pie chart representing the results of a survey. The page layout for this is of that of a cylindrical style. For this particular results chart, there are not any images I think this is because it is again not a very entertaining kind of text but only a circle with different colures representing different results of the survey. The sizes of the text do not vary again. There are not any paragraphs as it is again a pie chart. There is only angiotensin-converting enzyme special feature for this pie chart and that is, its in a different form to the other kind of result surveys, it is not just a normal doddery A4 piece of paper with writing, this Is a pie chart with different colours on itThis is a Curriculum Vitae from a 16 year old boy that lives in Loughborough. The page layout for this is of the portrait style. For this particular CV, there are not any images I think this is because it is again it is not the kind to exact pictures in, it is a formal letter. The sizes of the text do vary in this letter. The main heading for this CV is Curriculum Vitae and that is at the top of the page with interchange-headings underneath the main one. There are not any paragraphs as it is a letter for employment. There are not any special features for this letter.This is an invoice of a caller-up called at communications. The content in this invoice shows us the account number, the date, the billing period, the address, and then the actual invoice. The page layout for this is of the portrait style. For this particular invoice, there is only one image. That is the companys logo. This is a very simple yet ex cellent logo or image, it give the companys name and what they do in just this logo.The sizes of the text do vary in this invoice. The main heading for this invoice is the companys logo, and then it goes down to the invoice number and the dates. The size of the texts on this is the same size but it is in a bold style. Moving down the invoice, the size stays the same until the actual Invoice heading comes, this is then enlarged and then also the sizes under this sub heading change, the main headings, which is the first letters of each word in capital and the rest in lowercase letters. These are all the same font thereafter. The font size does change once more when we reach the bottom pf the page, it suddenly goes into a lower size font and the first part is in bold and then thereafter it all stays the same again. There are not any paragraphs as it is an invoice. There are not any special features for this letter.The content for the eyeshade is a very jolly and eye catching flyer. It includes the time and date of the actual broadcast, the website of the program, the activities that will be happening during the program such as there will be concerts, theatre productions going on during the 4 days of the program. It also mentions were the 4 day programs will be held, at the International stadium of Geneva. The picture or background of the flyer is of the Africa continent, the continent is situated in the centre of the flyer and behind this is a hide of cloud, and this is giving the effect of Africa basically being on top of everything. The layout of this flyer is in a portrait style. The sizes of the text vary because for the main title, the size of the text is bigger then the other little bits like the website of the organisers and also the date and time of the programs. I think this is because the title is the main eye catching text in the whole flyer so it needs to be in a big enough fonts size and also needs to have a very professional written title or headi ng There are not any paragraphs in this particular flyer. The special features for this flyer is that of its colour, the colour is what made me first notice it, it is a very vibrant colour which would be noticed from a distance. The colour is a key part of this flyer as it makes it what it isThis is a web page showing us how to make web pages. It is telling us to use the facilities they are offering us on the website to design the best possible webpage we can. The page layout for this is of the portrait style but also set out in a web style so suitable for website basically. For this particular web page, there are images such as at the top of the page, there is a women standing with a clipboards in her accountability hand. She is in a thinking kind of posture. There is also a many boxes on the left hand side were if hover your mouse over them boxes, then a message of information will appear underneath your mouse arrow telling you what contents are in that category. The sizes of the text do vary in this web page. The main heading for this web page is BEST COMPANY SLOGAN HERE this is at the top of the page with sub-headings underneath it such as welcome to company website.

History of education Essay Example for Free

History of didactics EssayBefore the imposture of reading and writing, plenty lived in an environment in which they struggled to survive against natural forces, animals, and other humans. To survive, preliterate heap demonstrable skills that grew into ethnic and preparational patterns. For a particular groups culture to continue into the future, people had to transmit it, or pass it on, from adults to peasantren. The earliest educational processes involved sharing information about gathering food and providing shelter making weapons and other tools acquisition language and acquiring the values, behavior, and ghostly rites or practices of a given culture. Through direct, informal education, parents, elders, and priests taught children the skills and roles they would need as adults. These lessons eventu tout ensembley formed the moral codes that governed behavior. Since they lived before the invention of writing, preliterate people used an oral tradition, or story telling , to pass on their culture and history from one generation to the next. By using language, people learned to compose and use symbols, rule books, or signs to express their ideas. When these symbols grew into pictographs and letters, human beings created a written language and made the great cultural leap to literacy.IIIEDUCATION IN antediluvian AFRICA AND ASIA In ancient Egypt, which flourished from about 3000 BC to about 500 BC, priests in temple schools taught non exclusively trust but also the principles of writing, the sciences, mathematics, and architecture. Similarly in India, priests conducted well-nigh of the formal education. Beginning in about 1200 BC Indian priests taught the principles of the Veda, the sacred texts of Hinduism, as well as science, grammar, and philosophy. Formal education in chinaware dates to about 2000 BC, though it thrived particularly during the Eastern Zhou Dynasty, from 770 to 256 BC (see China The Eastern Zhou).The class stressed philosop hy, poetry, and religion, in accord with the instructings of Confucius, Laozi (Lao-tzu), and other philosophers. IVEDUCATION IN superannuated GREECE Historians have looked to ancient Greece as one of the origins of western formal education. The Iliad and the Odyssey, epic poems attributed to Homer and written sometime in the 8th century BC, created a cultural tradition that gave the classics a sense of group identity. In their dramatic account of Hellenic struggles, Homers epics served great educational purposes.The legendary Greek warriors envisioned in Homers draw, such as Agamemnon, Odysseus, and Achilles, were heroes who served as models for the young Greeks. Ancient Greece was divided into sm wholly and often competing city-states, or poleis, such as capital of Greece, Sparta, and Thebes. capital of Greece emphasized a humane and democratic society and education, but only about one-third of the people in Athens were free citizens. Slaves and residents from other countrie s or city-states made up the rest of the population. Only the sons of free citizens attend school.The Athenians believed a free man should have a liberal education in recount to perform his civic duties and for his own personal begetment. The education of women depended upon the customs of the particular Greek city-state. In Athens, where women had no legal or economic rights, just about women did not attend school. Some girls, however, were educated at home by tutors. Slaves and other noncitizens had either no formal education or very little. Sparta, the chief governmental enemy of Athens, was a dictatorship that used education for military training and drill.In contrast to Athens, Spartan girls received to a great extent schooling but it was n archaeozoic exclusively athletic training to effectuate them to be healthy mothers of future Spartan s gray-hairediers. In the 400s BC, the Sophists, a group of wandering t apieceers, began to t for each one in Athens. The Sophists c laimed that they could teach any subject or skill to anyone who wished to learn it. They specialized in precept grammar, logic, and rhetoric, subjects that eventually formed the core of the liberal arts.The Sophists were more interested in preparing their students to argue persuasively and winarguments than in instruction principles of truth and morality. Unlike the Sophists, the Greek philosopher Socrates sought to discover and teach universal principles of truth, beauty, and goodness. Socrates, who died in 399 BC, claimed that straightforward fellowship existed within everyone and postulate to be brought to consciousness. His educational method, called the Socratic method, consisted of asking probing questions that forced his students to think deeply about the meaning of life, truth, and justice. In 387 BC Plato, who had examine under Socrates, drawed a school in Athens called the Academy.Plato believed in an unchanging world of perfect ideas or universal concepts. He assert ed that since true knowledge is the same in every place at every time, education, like truth, should be unchanging. Plato described his educational ideal in the Republic, one of the near notable works of Western philosophy. Platos Republic describes a model society, or land, ruled by highly intelligent philosopher-kings. Warriors make up the republics second crystallise of people. The lowest class, the workers, provide food and the other products for all the people of the republic.In Platos ideal educational system, each class would receive a different kind of instruction to hit for their various roles in society. In 335 BC Platos student, Aristotle, founded his own school in Athens called the Lyceum. Believing that human beings are essentially rational, Aristotle thought people could discover natural laws that governed the universe and then follow these laws in their lives. He also conclude that educated people who used reason to make decisions would lead a life of moderation in which they avoided dangerous extremes.In the 4th century BC Greek orator Isocrates developed a method of education knowing to entrap students to be competent orators who could serve as government officials. Isocratess students canvass rhetoric, politics, ethics, and history. They examined model orations and practiced public speaking. Isocratess methods of education directly influenced such Roman educational theorists as Cicero and Quintilian. VEDUCATION IN ANCIENT ROME magical spell the Greeks were evolution their civilization in the areas surrounding the eastern Mediterranean Sea, the Romans were gaining control of the Italian peninsula and areas of the western Mediterranean.The Greeks education focused on the debate of philosophy. The Romans, on the other hand, were absent with war, conquest, politics, and civil administration. As in Greece, only a minority of Romans attended school. Schooling was for those who had the money to pay tuition and the time to attend classes. While girls from squiffy families occasionally learned to read and write at home, boys attended a primary election school, called aludus. In supplemental schools boys studied Latin and Greek grammar taught by Greek slaves, called pedagogues.After primary and secondary school, wealthy young men often attended schools of rhetoric or oratory that prepared them to be leaders in government and administration. Cicero, a 1st century BC Roman senator, combined Greek and Roman ideas on how to educate orators in his book De Oratore. Like Isocrates, Cicero believed orators should be educated in liberal arts subjects such as grammar, rhetoric, logic, mathematics, and astronomy. He also asserted that they should study ethics, military science, natural science, geography, history, and law.Quintilian, an influential Roman educator who lived in the 1st century AD, wrote that education should be ground on the stages of individual development from childhood to adulthood. Quintilian devised spec ific lessons for each stage. He also informed teachers to make their lessons suited to the students readiness and ability to learn new material. He urged teachers to motivate students by making learning interesting and attractive. VIANCIENT Jewish EDUCATION information among the Jewish people also had a profound influence on Western learning.The ancient Jews had great respect for the printed word and believed that matinee idol revealed truth to them in the Bible. Most information on ancient Jewish goals and methods of education comes from the Bible and the Talmud, a book of religious and civil law. Jewish religious leaders, known as rabbis, advised parents to teach their children religious beliefs, law, ethical practices, and vocational skills. Both boys and girls were introduced to religion by studying the Torah, the most sacred document of Judaism. Rabbis taught in schools within synagogues, places of worship and religious study. VIIMEDIEVAL EDUCATION.During the Middle Ages, or the medieval period, which lasted roughly from the 5th to the 15th century, Western society and education were heavily shaped by Christianity, particularly the Roman Catholic Church. The Church operated parish, chapel, and monastery schools at the elementary level. Schools in monasteries and cathedrals offered secondary education. Much of the teaching in these schools was directed at learning Latin, the old Roman language used by the church in its ceremonies and teachings. The church provided some hold in opport unit of measurementies for the education of women in religious communities or convents.Convents had libraries and schools to help prepare nuns to follow the religious rules of their communities. Merchant and craft guilds also maintained some schools that provided basic education and training in specific crafts. Knights received training in military tactics and the code of chivalry. As in the Greek and Roman eras, only a minority of people went to school during the medieval period. Schools were attended in the first place by persons planning to enter religious life such as priests, monks, or nuns. The vast majority of people were serfs who served as agricultural workers on the estates of feudal lords.The serfs, who did not attend school, were generally illiterate (see Serfdom). In the 10th and early 11th centuries, Arabic learning had a pronounced influence on Western education. From contact with Arab scholars in North Africa and Spain, Western educators learned new ways of thinking about mathematics, natural science, medicine, and philosophy. The Arabic number system was especially important, and became the tush of Western arithmetic. Arab scholars also preserved and translated into Arabic the works of such influential Greek scholars as Aristotle, Euclid, Galen, and Ptolemy.Because umpteen of these works had disappeared from Europe by the Middle Ages, they talent have been lost forever if Arab scholars such as Avicenna and Averroes had not preser ved them. In the 11th century medieval scholars developed Scholasticism, a philosophical and educational movement that used both human reason and revelations from the Bible. Upon encountering the works of Aristotle and other Greek philosophers from Arab scholars, the Scholastics attempted to reconcile Christian theology with Greek philosophy.Scholasticism reached its high point in the Summa Theologiae of Saint Thomas doubting Thomas, a 13th century Dominican theologian who taught at the University of Paris. Aquinas reconciled the part of religious faith, represented by the Scriptures, with Greek reason, represented by Aristotle. Aquinas described the teachers vocation as one that combines faith, love, and learning. The work of Aquinas and other Scholastics took place in the medieval institutions of higher education, the universities.The famous European universities of Paris, Salerno, Bologna, Oxford, Cambridge, and Padua grew out of the Scholastics-led intellectual revival of the 1 2th and 13th centuries. The name university comes from the Latin word universitas, or associations, in reference to the associations that students and teachers organized to discuss academic issues. Medieval universities offered degrees in the liberal arts and in professional studies such as theology, law, and medicine. VIIIEDUCATION DURING THE renascence The Renaissance, or rebirth of learning, began in Europe in the 14th century and reached its height in the 15th century.Scholars became more interested in the humanist featuresthat is, the laic or worldly rather than the religious aspectsof the Greek and Latin classics. Humanist educators found their models of literary style in the classics. The Renaissance was a particularly right force in Italy, most notably in art, literature, and architecture. In literature, the works of such Italian writers as Dante Aleghieri, Petrarch, and Giovanni Boccaccio became especially important. Humanist educators designed teaching methods to prepar e well-rounded, liberally educated persons.Dutch humanist Desiderius Erasmus was particularly influential. Erasmus believed that understanding and conversing about the meaning of literature was more important than memorizing it, as had been required at many of the medieval religious schools. He advised teachers to study such fields as archaeology, astronomy, mythology, history, and Scripture. The invention of the printing press in the mid-15th century made books more widely available and increased literacy rates (see Printing). But school attendance did not increase greatly during the Renaissance.Elementary schools educated middle-class children while wage-earning children received little, if any, formal schooling. Children of the nobility and upper classes attended humanist secondary schools. Educational opportunities for women improved slightly during the Renaissance, especially for the upper classes. Some girls from wealthy families attended schools of the royal court or receive d private lessons at home. The curriculum studied by young women was still based on the belief that only certain subjects, such as art, music, needlework, dancing, and poetry, were suited for females.For working-class girls, especially rural peasants, education was still limited to training in household duties such as cooking and sewing. IXEDUCATION DURING THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION The religious Reformation of the 16th century marked a decline in the authority of the Catholic Church and contributed to the government issue of the middle classes in Europe. Protestant religious reformers, such as John Calvin, Martin Luther, and Huldreich Zwingli, rejected the authority of the Catholic pope and created reformed Christian, or Protestant, churches.In their eager determination to instruct followers to read the Bible in their native language, reformers extended literacy to the masses. They established vernacular primary schools that offered a basic curriculum of reading, writing, arithme tic, and religion for children in their own language. Vernacular schools in England, for example, used English to teach their pupils. As they argued with each other and with the Roman Catholics on religious matters, Protestant educators wrote catechismsprimary books that summarized their religious doctrinein a question and answer format.While the vernacular schools educated both boys and girls at the primary level, upper-class boys attended preceding(prenominal) and secondary schools that continued to emphasize Latin and Greek. The gymnasium in Germany, the Latin grammar school in England, and the lycee in France were preparatory schools that taught young men the uncorrupted languages of Latin and Greek required to enter universities. Martin Luther believed the state, family, and school, along with the church, were leaders of the Reformation. Since the family shaped childrens character, Luther encouraged parents to teach their children reading and religion.Each family should pray together, read the Bible, study the catechism, and practice a useful trade. Luther believed that government should assist schools in educating literate, productive, and religious citizens. One of Luthers colleagues, German religious reformer Melanchthon, wrote the school code for the German region of Wurttemberg, which became a model for other regions of Germany and influenced education throughout Europe. According to this code, the government was responsible for supervising schools and licensing teachers.The Protestant reformers retained the dual-class school system that had developed in the Renaissance. Vernacular schools provided primary instruction for the lower classes, and the various classical humanist and Latin grammar schools prepared upper-class males for higher education. XEDUCATIONAL THEORY IN THE seventeenth CENTURY Educators of the 17th century developed new ways of thinking about education. Czech education reformer Jan Komensky, known as Comenius, was particularly inf luential. A bishop of the Moravian Church, Comenius escaped religious persecution by taking refuge in Poland, Hungary, Sweden, and The Netherlands.He created a new educational philosophy called Pansophism, or universal knowledge, designed to beget about worldwide understanding and peace. Comenius advised teachers to use childrens senses rather than memorization in instruction. To make learning interesting for children, he wrote The Gate of Tongues unlock (1631), a book for teaching Latin in the students own language. He also wrote Orbis Sensualium Pictus (1658 The Visible World in Pictures, 1659) consisting of illustrations that labeled objects in both their Latin and vernacular names. It was one of the first illustrated books written especially for children.The work of English philosopher John Locke influenced education in Britain and North America. Locke examined how people educate ideas in An Essay Concerning Human Understanding (1690). He asserted that at birth the human mind is a blank slate, or tabula rasa, and empty of ideas. We undertake knowledge, he argued, from the information about the objects in the world that our senses bring to us. We begin with simple ideas and then combine them into more complex ones. Locke believed that individuals acquire knowledge most easily when they first consider simple ideas and then moderately combine them into more complex ones.In Some Thoughts Concerning Education (1697), Locke recommended practical learning to prepare people to manage their social, economic, and political affairs efficiently. He believed that a sound education began in early childhood and insisted that the teaching of reading, writing, and arithmetic be gradual and cumulative. Lockes curriculum included conversational learning of foreign languages, especially French, mathematics, history, physical education, and games. XIEDUCATION DURING THE ENLIGHTENMENT The Age of nirvana in the 18th century produced important changes in education and educat ional theory.During the Enlightenment, also called the Age of Reason, educators believed people could improve their lives and society by using their reason, their powers of critical thinking. The Enlightenments ideas had a solid impact on the American Revolution (1775-1783) and early educational policy in the coupled States. In particular, American philosopher and scientist Benjamin Franklin emphasized the value of useful and scientific education in American schools. Thomas Jefferson, the third president of the United States, stressed the importance of civic education to the citizens of a democratic nation.The Enlightenment principles that considered education as an instrument of social reform and improvement remain fundamental characteristics of American education policy. XIIEDUCATION IN THE 19TH CENTURY The foundations of modern education were established in the 19th century. Swiss educator Johann Heinrich Pestalozzi, inspired by the work of French philosopher Jean Jacques Rous seau, developed an educational method based on the natural world and the senses. Pestalozzi established schools in Switzerland and Germany to educate children and train teachers.He affirmed that schools should resemble secure and loving homes. Like Locke and Rousseau, Pestalozzi believed that thought began with sensation and that teaching should use the senses. Holding that children should study the objects in their natural environment, Pestalozzi developed a so-called object lesson that involved exercises in learning form, number, and language. Pupils determined and traced an objects form, counted objects, and named them. Students progressed from these lessons to exercises in drawing, writing, adding, subtracting, multiplying, dividing, and reading.Pestalozzi employed the following principles in teaching (1) begin with the concrete object before introducing abstract concepts (2) begin with the immediate environment before relations with what is distant and remote (3) begin with ea sy exercises before introducing complex ones and (4) always proceed gradually, cumulatively, and slowly. American educator Henry Barnard, the first U. S. Commissioner of Education, introduced Pestalozzis ideas to the United States in the late 19th century. Barnard also worked for the establishment of free public high schools for students of all classes of American society.German philosopher Johann Herbart emphasized moral education and designed a highly structured teaching technique. Maintaining that educations primary goal is moral development, Herbart claimed good character rested on knowledge while screw up resulted from an inadequate education. Knowledge, he said, should create an apperceptive massa network of ideasin a persons mind to which new ideas can be added. He wanted to include history, geography, and literature in the school curriculum as well as reading, writing, and arithmetic.Based on his work, Herbarts followers designed a five-step teaching method (1) prepare the pupils to be ready for the new lesson, (2) present the new lesson, (3) associate the new lesson with ideas studied earlier, (4) use examples to illustrate the lessons major points, and (5) test pupils to ensure they had learned the new lesson. AKindergarten German educator Friedrich Froebel created the earliest kindergarten, a form of preschool education that literally means childs garden in German. Froebel, who had an unhappy childhood, urged teachers to think back to their own childhoods to find insights they could use in their teaching.Froebel studied at Pestalozzis institute in Yverdon, Switzerland, from 1808 to 1810. While agreeing with Pestalozzis emphasis on the natural world, a kindly school atmosphere, and the object lesson, Froebel felt that Pestalozzis method was not philosophical enough. Froebel believed that every childs inner self contained a spiritual essencea spark of divine energythat enabled a child to learn severally. In 1837 Froebel exposed a kindergarten in Bla nkenburg with a curriculum that featured songs, stories, games, gifts, and occupations.The songs and stories stimulated the imaginations of children and introduced them to folk heroes and cultural values. Games developed childrens social and physical skills. By playing with each other, children learned to participate in a group. Froebels gifts, including such objects as spheres, cubes, and cylinders, were designed to enable the child to understand the concept that the object represented. Occupations consisted of materials children could use in building activities. For example, clay, sand, cardboard, and sticks could be used to build castles, cities, and mountains.Immigrants from Germany brought the kindergarten concept to the United States, where it became part of the American school system. Margarethe Meyer Schurz opened a German-language kindergarten in Watertown, Wisconsin, in 1855. Elizabeth Peabody established an English-language kindergarten and a training school for kindergar ten teachers in Boston, Massachusetts, in 1860. William Torrey Harris, superintendent of schools in St. Louis, Missouri, and later a U. S. commissioner of education, made the kindergarten part of the American public school system. BSocial DarwinismBritish sociologist Herbert Spencer strongly influenced education in the mid-19th century with social theories based on the theory of evolution developed by British naturalist Charles Darwin. Spencer revised Darwins biological theory into social Darwinism, a body of ideas that applied the theory of evolution to society, politics, the economy, and education. Spencer maintained that in modern industrialized societies, as in earlier simpler societies, the fittest individuals of each generation survived because they were intelligent and adaptable. Competition caused the brightest and strongest individuals to climb to the top of the society.Urging unlimited competition, Spencer wanted government to restrict its activities to the bare minimum. He opposed public schools, claiming that they would create a monopoly for mediocrity by catering to students of low ability. He wanted private schools to compete against each other in trying to attract the brightest students and most capable teachers. Spencers social Darwinism became very popular in the last half of the 19th century when industrialization was changing American and Western European societies. Spencer believed that people in industrialized society needed scientific rather than classical education.Emphasizing education in practical skills, he advocated a curriculum featuring lessons in five basic human activities (1) those needed for self-preservation such as health, diet, and exercise (2) those needed to perform ones occupation so that a person can earn a living, including the basic skills of reading, writing, computation, and knowledge of the sciences (3) those needed for parenting, to raise children properly (4) those needed to participate in society and politics an d (5) those needed for leisure and recreation. Spencers ideas on education were eagerly accepted in the United States.In 1918 the Cardinal Principles of Secondary Education, a report issued by the subject field Education Association, used Spencers list of activities in its recommendations for American education. XIIINATIONAL SYSTEMS OF EDUCATION In the 19th century, governments in the United Kingdom, Germany, France, Italy, and other European countries organized internal systems of public education. The United States, Canada, Argentina, Uruguay, and other countries in North and South America also established national education systems based largely on European models.In the United KingdomThe Church of England and other churches often operated primary schools in the United Kingdom, where students paid a small fee to study the Bible, catechism, reading, writing, and arithmetic. In 1833 the British Parliament passed a law that gave some government funds to these schools. In 1862 the United Kingdom established a school grant system, called remuneration by results, in which schools received funds based on their students performance on reading, writing, and arithmetic tests. The Education Act of 1870, called the Forster Act, authorized local government boards to establish public board schools.The United Kingdom then had two schools systems board schools operated by the government and voluntary schools conducted by the churches and other private organizations. In 1878 the United Kingdom passed laws that limited child labor in factories and made it possible for more children to attend school. To make schooling available to working-class children, many schools with limited public and private funds used monitorial methods of instruction. Monitorial education, developed by British educators Joseph Lancaster and Andrew Bell, used student monitors to conduct lessons.It offered the fledgling public education system the wages of allowing schools to hire fewer teachers to instruct the large number of new students. Schools featuring monitorial education used older boys, called monitors, who were more advanced in their studies, to teach younger children. Monitorial education concentrated on basic skillsreading, writing, and arithmeticthat were broken down into small parts or units. After a monitor had learned a unitsuch as spelling words of two or three letters that began with the letter Ahe would, under the master teachers supervision, teach this unit to a group of students.By the end of the 19th century, the monitorial system was abandoned in British schools because it provided a very limited education. stack away Russia Russian tzar Alexander II initiated education reforms leading to the Education Statute of 1864. This law created zemstvos, local government units, which operated primary schools. In addition to zemstvo schools, the Russian Orthodox Church conducted parish schools. While the number of children attending school slowly increased, most of Russias population remained illiterate.Peasants often refused to send their children to school so that they could work on the farms. More boys attended school than girls since many peasant parents considered female education unnecessary. Fearing that too much education would make people discontented with their lives, the tsars government provided only limited schooling to instill political loyalty and religious piety. CIn the United States Before the 19th century elementary and secondary education in the United States was organized on a local or regional level. Nearly all schools operated on private funds exclusively.However, line of descent in the 1830s and 1840s, American educators such as Henry Barnard and Horace Mann argued for the creation of a school system operated by individual states that would provide an equal education for all American children. In 1852 Massachusetts passed the first laws calling for free public education, and by 1918 all U. S. states had passed comp ulsory school attendance laws. See Public Education in the United States. XIVEDUCATION IN THE TWENTIETH CENTURY At the beginning of the 20th century, the writings of Swedish feminist and educator Ellen Key influenced education somewhat the world.Keys book Barnets arhundrade (1900 The Century of the Child,1909) was translated into many languages and inspired so-called progressive educators in various countries. Progressive education was a system of teaching that emphasized the needs and potentials of the child, rather than the needs of society or the principles of religion. Among the influential progressive educators were Hermann Lietz and Georg Michael Kerschensteiner of Germany, Bertrand Russell of England, and Maria Montessori of Italy. AMontessori.Montessoris methods of early childhood education have release internationally popular. Trained in medicine, Montessori worked with developmentally disabled children early in her career. The results of her work were so effective that s he believed her teaching methods could be used to educate all children. In 1907 Montessori established a childrens school, the Casa dei Bambini (Childrens House), for poor children from the San Lorenzo district of Rome. Here she developed a specially prepared environment that featured materials and activities based on her observations of children.She found that children enjoy mastering specific skills, prefer work to play, and can sustain concentration. She also believed that children have a power to learn independently if provided a properly stimulating environment. Montessoris curriculum emphasized three major classes of activity (1) practical, (2) sensory, and (3) formal skills and studies. It introduced children to such practical activities as setting the table, fortune a meal, washing dishes, tying and buttoning clothing, and practicing basic social manners.Repetitive exercises developed sensory and muscular coordination. Formal skills and subjects included reading, writing, an d arithmetic. Montessori designed special teaching materials to develop these skills, including laces, buttons, weights, and materials identifiable by their sound or smell. Instructors provided the materials for the children and demonstrated the lessons but allowed each child to independently learn the particular skill or behavior. In 1913 Montessori lectured in the United States on her educational method.American educators established many Montessori schools after these lectures, but they declined in popularity in the 1930s as American educators stressed greater authority and control in the classroom. A revival of Montessori education in the United States began in the 1950s, coinciding with a growing emphasis on early childhood education. BDewey The work of American philosopher and educator John Dewey was especially influential in the U. S. and other countries in the 20th century.